Revision as of 12:13, 26 October 2018

Quelle: Romanian Journal for Legal Medicine 25: 283-286, 2017, DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2017.283

Flies and ants: A forensic entomological neglect case of an elderly man in Calabria, Southern Italy

[Weitere Artikel von MB] [Artikel über MB]

VON TERESA BONACCI, VANNIO VERCILLO & MARK BENECKE

Abstract: Neglect cases are on the rise. We report a case of an 80-year-old man who was neglected for one to two weeks in the urban area of Acri (Cosenza), Calabria, Italy. Musca domestica, Fannia canicularis and Lucilia sericata were used as indicators for estimation of neglect interval. The possible presence of ants is also discussed due to typical lesions yet in the absence of actual specimens.

Key Words: neglect of the elderly, forensic entomology, ants, ant lesions, Diptera.

In memory of Dan Dermengiu (MB)

INTRODUCTION

Some insects species are valuable forensic indicators in cases of abuse and neglect. They deposit their eggs in and around clothing and skin and feed at open wounds, ulcers, natural openings, etc. (Zumpt, 1965, Sherman and Hall, 2000). In particular, immature stages of Calliphorids may give information on how long a person was neglected but also Muscids, Sarcophagids and other species may prove cases of neglect (Baumjohann et al., 2011; Benecke et al., 2001, 2004; Benecke 2010; Bonacci et al., 2014, Lord, 1990).

Here, we present a case of neglect of an 80-yearold incontinent, elderly man with a psychiatric illness in the urban area of Acri (Cosenza), Calabria, Italy.

The colonization with Diptera larvae before his death (myiasis sensu strictu) shed a light on his suffering and was used to prove his neglect before death.

FINDINGS AND RESULTS

Figure 2. Lucilia sericata adult from apartment.

In the apartment, garbage, feces and urine were scattered around. The only window of the apartment was closed. Cause of death was hypertrophic cardiomyopathyand chronic active hepatitis. The temperature in Acri city nine days before and on the day of the discovery of the corpse was 23.9 ± 1.35°C (Acari city weather station).

On the corpse, especially near the anal and genital areas, few mature larvae (end of third larval stage) of Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 and Fannia scalaris (Fabricius, 1794) were found. Dead adults of M. domestica were collected from the room (all on July 9, 2015). Both species are attracted to body secretions including feces and urine (Smith 1985).

Also, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Lucilia sericata were found (but no dead Calliphorids). On the floor, dead adult Musca domestica L. and Fannia scalaris and many active and empty puparia of both species were found near the corpse and near the closed window (Fig. 2) of the room where the corpse was found. Some larvae were put in hot water first, then stored in 90% ethanol; some specimens were reared to the adult stage.

External examination of the corpse also revealed multiple irregular, brown injuries (1–4 mm) on the skin, typical of ant action (Bonacci & Vercillo, 2015). However, no Formicidae were found on the corpse and inside of the apartment.

The larvae of L. sericata take 3.5 (25°C) to 4.5 days (22°C) to reach end of L3 (data from Austria: Grassberger & Reiter, 2001), and 10 (25°C) to 13 (20°C) days to reach end of postfeeding state (data from Pakistan: El-Kady et al., 1999), i.e., the colonization interval of the apartment was at least one, maybe even two weeks.

At 25°C, the duration (in days) of post-feeding larvae of M. domestica is 3.33± 0.33. The duration of pupae age is 6.33 ± 0.33 (El-Kady et al., 1999). Total duration of development from eggs to pupae is 13.30 ± 0.66 days. Musca domestica is known to be a common synantropic species. Since the larvae were found on the corpse, and since Fannia canicularis was also present, this was considered to be a strong indicator for the presence of feces and urine due to neglect, as has been reported from other cases of neglect (Benecke, 2010). Fannia in particular has a strong preference for urine and is therefore commonly found in toilets, privies, stables and pigsties (Smith 1986).

DISCUSSION

Insect colonization of the neglected man took place for around approximately week. His fam-ily had not taken care of him, as was concluded from the hygienic conditions including the insect evidence inside of the house.

Cases of neglect towards elderly people or children seem to be rising (Doward 2012, dpa 2003, Sheridan 2017) due to changes in age structure but recently also largely due to substance abuse. Neglect is not always easy to prove since social workers and rescue personnel may not check for stains. For neighbours and relatives, some cases of neglect are also shocking and difficult to comprehend which may lead to wrong statements.

Here (and probably often), Musca domestica which is attracted to decaying organic matter with a preference for human feces at neglected and dead persons, along with Fannia canicularis which is attracted to urine and feces, allowed estimation of the antemortem neglect period. In neglect cases, forensic entomology is suitable to better understand the circumstances of death, and to prepare objective reports to the court and to the police. Especially the discovery of F. canicularis larvae on a body indicates that infestation occurred prior to death (Benecke and Lessig, 2001).

Some - especially Calliphorid - fly species are known to be associated also with wounds on living bodies and can therefore be use for maggot therapy (Fleischmann et al., 2003; Sherman & Hall, 2000). If a person is not properly cared for and cleaned, blow flies are attracted to their bodily wastes, depositing their eggs with a preference for open wounds. In Calabria, L. sericata is a synanthropic species strongly related to the urban area and to the warmer months (Greco et al., 2014). It is therefore also an interesting marker for neglect (Benecke & Lessig 2001).

In contrast to diptera on corpses, the behaviour of ants in forensic cases is less in focus but may be soon due to climate change (Benecke et al. 1999; Benecke 2008; Bermúdez 2010; Campobasso et al., 2009; Ramón et al., 2015; Salona-Bordas et al., 2014; Ventura et al., 2010). In the context of neglect, a major concern relating to ants are postmortem skin lesions that may be confused with antemortem injuries by unexperienced personell. Pheidole and Camponotus ants were observed to produce damage to the nose and ears of pig carcasses (Barros et al., 2008). In Brazil, ants caused small injuries at every decompositional stage and at different parts of rat corpses (Moura et al., 1997).

In the case of the globally expanding and invasive fire ants (Solenopsis spp.), one must also take care to distinguish between cause of death due to allergies or actual poisoning and their possibly unrelated presence. Until now, ants were used to determine postmortem interval, mostly by use of colony buildup (Goff & Win, 1997), or to determine if a perpetrator had been at a scene of crime (Benecke & Seifert, 1999; for determination of ants, it is necessary to contact a specialist since their determination needs experience). Generally, we highly recommend to document photographically, and to collect arthropods early at the scene of neglect to avoid wrong accusations as well as failing to notice objective proof of neglect.

REFERENCES
1. Barros A, Dutra F, Ferreira R. Insects of forensic importance from Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 2008;52:641–646.

2. Baumjohann K, Schiwy-Bochat K, Rothschild M. Maggots reveal a case of antemortal infestation. Internat. J. Legal Med. 2011;125:487-492.

3. Benecke M, Seifert B. Forensische Entomologie am Beispiel eines Tötungsdeliktes. Eine kombinierte Spuren- und Liegezeitanalyse. (Case Report: Calliphorids and ants on a human corpse in a homicide case.) Archiv für Kriminologie 1999;204:52-60.

4. Benecke M, Lessig R. Child neglect and forensic entomology. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;120:155-159.

5. Benecke M, Josephi E, Zweihoff R. Neglect of the elderly: forensic entomology cases and considerations. Forensic Sci. Internat. 2004;146S:S195-S199.

6. Benecke M. Besiedlung von Leichen durch Gliedertiere (Arthropod colonization of human corpses). In: Brinkmann B, Madea B, Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin, Chapter 2. 2003, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York, Springer, p. 170-187.

7. Benecke M. A brief survey of the history of forensic entomology. Acta Biologica Benrodis 2008;14:15-38.

8. Benecke M. Cases of neglect involving entomological evidence. In: Byrd J, Castner J (eds.) Forensic Entomology, 2nd ed., Chapter 20, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2010, p. 627-635.

9. Bermúdez S, Pachar J. Artrópodos asociados a cadáveres humanos en Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. Revista Colombiana de Entomología, 2010;36:86-89.

10. Bonacci T, Vercillo V. Outdoor post-mortem bite injuries by Tapinoma nigerrimum (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on a human corpse: Case report. J. Forensic Legal Med. 2015;33:5e8.

11. Campobasso C, Marchetti D, Introna F, Colonna M. Postmortem artifacts made by ants and the effect of ant activity on decompositional rates. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 2009;30: 84–87.

12. Doward J. Child neglect cases reported to NSPCC rise 30% in a year. June 10, 2012, The Guardian (England), https://www.theguardian. com/society/2012/jun/10/nspcc-child-abuse-rises-sharply

13. DPA (German Press Agency). Studie an 17000 Leichen: Jeder Siebte vor Tod falsch gepflegt (Study on 17.000 corpses: Every seventh elderly person not cared for sufficiently). Jan 3/Jan 5, 2003, German Press Agency dpa, Report # 051402.

14. El-Kady E, Kheirallah A, Kayed A, Dekinesh S, Ahmed Z. The development and growth of the house fly Musca domestica vicina and the blowfly Lucilia sericata. Pakistan J. of Biol. Sciences 1999;2:498-502.

15. Fleischmann W, Grassberger M, Sherman R. Maggot Therapy. A Handbook of maggot-assisted wound healing. 2003, Stuttgart, Thieme.

16. Goff M, Win B. Estimation of postmortem interval based on colony development time for Anoplolepis longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Forensic Sciences 1997;42:1176–1179.

17. Grassberger M, Reiter C. Effect of temperature on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development with special reference to the isomegalen- and isomorphen-diagram. Forensic Science International 2001;120:32-36.

18. Greco S, Brandmayr P, Bonacci T. Synanthropy and temporal variability of Calliphoridae living in Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy). J.Insect Sci. 2014;14(216):1-5; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu078.

19. Gregor F, Rozkošný R, Barták M, Vaňhara J (2002) The Muscidae (Diptera) of central Europe. Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masaryk. Brun. Biol. 2002;107:1–280.

20. Lord W. Case histories of the use of insects in investigations. In: Catts P, Haskell N (eds.) 1990, Entomology & Death. A Procedural Guide, Joyce's Print Shop, Clemson, pp. 9-37.

21. Moura M, Carvalho C, Monteiro-Filho E. A preliminary analysis of insects of medico-legal importance in Curitiba, State of Paraná. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1997;92: 269–274.

22. Ramón G, Donoso D. The role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Forensic Entomology. Revista Ecuatoriana de Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas (REMCB) 2015;36:19-26.

23. Salona-Bordas M, Salona-Bordas J, Tinaut A. Ants as Carcasses Consumers a Case Study Undertaken Inside a Greenhouse (Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain). Austin J Forensic Sci Criminol. 2014;1(2):3.

24. Sheridan J. Opioid addiction and the rise in child neglect cases. Jan 30, 2017, wfyi Indianapolis, http://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/opioidaddiction-and-the-rise-in-child-neglect-cases.

25. Sherman R, Hall M. Medicinal maggots: an ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions. Annu. Rev. Entomol 2000;45:55-81.

26. Smith K. A Manual of Forensic Entomology. 1986, The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London & Cornell University Press, Ithaca.

27. Ventura F, Gallo M, De Stefano F. Postmortem skin damage due to ants: description of 3 cases. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 2010;31:120-121.

28. Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World: A Textbook for Physicians, Veterinarians and Zoologists. Butterworth, London, England, 1965.

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Dr. rer. medic. Mark Benecke · Diplombiologe (verliehen in Deutschland) · Öffentlich bestellter und vereidigter Sachverständiger für kriminaltechnische Sicherung, Untersuchung u. Auswertung von biologischen Spuren (IHK Köln) · Landsberg-Str. 16, 50678 Köln, Deutschland, E-Mail: forensic@benecke.com · www.benecke.com · Umsatzsteueridentifikationsnummer: ID: DE212749258 · Aufsichtsbehörde: Industrie- und Handelskammer zu Köln, Unter Sachsenhausen 10-26, 50667 Köln, Deutschland · Fallbearbeitung und Termine nur auf echtem Papier. Absprachen per E-mail sind nur vorläufige Gedanken und nicht bindend. 🗺 Dr. Mark Benecke, M. Sc., Ph.D. · Certified & Sworn In Forensic Biologist · International Forensic Research & Consulting · Postfach 250411 · 50520 Cologne · Germany · Text SMS in criminalistic emergencies (never call me): +49.171.177.1273 · Anonymous calls & suppressed numbers will never be answered. · Dies ist eine Notfall-Nummer für SMS in aktuellen, kriminalistischen Notfällen). · Rufen Sie niemals an. · If it is not an actual emergency, send an e-mail. · If it is an actual emergency, send a text message (SMS) · Never call. · Facebook Fan Site · Benecke Homepage · Instagram Fan Page · Datenschutz-Erklärung · Impressum · Archive Page · Kein Kontakt über soziale Netzwerke. · Never contact me via social networks since I never read messages & comments there.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Quelle: Rom J Leg Med 25: 283-286, 2017, DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2017.283<br>
+Quelle: ''Romanian Journal for Legal Medicine'' 25: 283-286, 2017, DOI: 10.4323/rjlm.2017.283<br>
 =<font color=orange>Flies and ants: A forensic entomological neglect case of an elderly man in Calabria, Southern Italy</font>=
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 '''Key Words: neglect of the elderly, forensic entomology, ants, ant lesions, Diptera.'''<br>
+<br>
+<font color=orange>''In memory of Dan Dermengiu (MB)''</font>
+<br><br>
 '''<font color=orange>INTRODUCTION</font color=orange>'''<br>
 Some insects species are valuable forensic indicators in cases of abuse and neglect. They deposit their eggs in and around clothing and skin and feed at open wounds, ulcers, natural openings, etc. (Zumpt, 1965, Sherman and Hall, 2000). In particular, immature stages of Calliphorids may give information on how long a person was neglected but also Muscids, Sarcophagids and other species may prove cases of
 neglect (Baumjohann et al., 2011; Benecke et al., 2001, 2004; Benecke 2010; Bonacci et al., 2014, Lord, 1990). <br>
 Here, we present a case of neglect of an 80-yearold incontinent, elderly man with a psychiatric illness in the urban area of Acri (Cosenza), Calabria, Italy.<br>
 The colonization with Diptera larvae before his death (myiasis sensu strictu) shed a light on his suffering and was used to prove his neglect before death.<br>
 '''<font color=orange>FINDINGS AND RESULTS</font color=orange>'''<br>
 [[File:Bonacci sericata 2017.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 2. Lucilia sericata adult from apartment.]] In the apartment, garbage, feces and urine were scattered around. The only window of the apartment was closed. Cause of death was hypertrophic cardiomyopathyand chronic active hepatitis. The temperature in Acri city nine days before and on the day of the discovery of  the corpse was 23.9 ± 1.35°C (Acari city weather station).<br>
 On the corpse, especially near the anal and genital areas, few mature larvae (end of third larval stage) of Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 and Fannia scalaris (Fabricius, 1794) were found. Dead adults of M. domestica were collected from the room (all on July 9, 2015). Both species are attracted to body secretions including feces and urine (Smith 1985).<br>
 Also, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae of Lucilia sericata
@@ Line 38: / Line 45: @@
 were put in hot water first, then stored in 90% ethanol;
 some specimens were reared to the adult stage.<br>
 External examination of the corpse also revealed
@@ Line 44: / Line 52: @@
 However, no Formicidae were found on the corpse and
 inside of the apartment.<br>
 The larvae of L. sericata take 3.5 (25°C) to 4.5 days (22°C) to reach end of L3 (data from Austria: Grassberger
@@ Line 50: / Line 59: @@
 al., 1999), i.e., the colonization interval of the apartment
 was at least one, maybe even two weeks.<br>
 At 25°C, the duration (in days) of post-feeding
@@ Line 64: / Line 74: @@
 therefore commonly found in toilets, privies, stables and
 pigsties (Smith 1986).<br>
 '''<font color=orange>DISCUSSION</font color=orange>'''<br>
@@ Line 72: / Line 83: @@
 conditions including the insect evidence inside of the
 house.<br>
 Cases of neglect towards elderly people or
@@ Line 82: / Line 94: @@
 and difficult to comprehend which may lead to wrong
 statements.<br>
 Here (and probably often), Musca domestica
@@ Line 94: / Line 107: @@
 a body indicates that infestation occurred prior to death
 (Benecke and Lessig, 2001).<br>
 Some - especially Calliphorid - fly species
@@ Line 105: / Line 119: @@
 therefore also an interesting marker for neglect (Benecke
 & Lessig 2001).<br>
 In contrast to diptera on corpses, the behaviour
@@ Line 118: / Line 133: @@
 at every decompositional stage and at different parts of
 rat corpses (Moura et al., 1997).<br>
 In the case of the globally expanding and invasive
@@ Line 133: / Line 149: @@
 scene of neglect to avoid wrong accusations as well as
 failing to notice objective proof of neglect.<br>
 '''<font color=orange>REFERENCES</font color=orange>'''<br>
 . Barros A, Dutra F, Ferreira R. Insects of forensic importance from Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de
 Entomologia 2008;52:641–646.<br>
 . Baumjohann K, Schiwy-Bochat K, Rothschild M. Maggots reveal a case of antemortal infestation. Internat. J. Legal Med. 2011;125:487-492.<br>
 . Benecke M, Seifert B. Forensische Entomologie am Beispiel eines Tötungsdeliktes. Eine kombinierte Spuren- und Liegezeitanalyse. (Case
 Report: Calliphorids and ants on a human corpse in a homicide case.) Archiv für Kriminologie 1999;204:52-60.<br>
 . Benecke M, Lessig R. Child neglect and forensic entomology. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;120:155-159.<br>
 . Benecke M, Josephi E, Zweihoff R. Neglect of the elderly: forensic entomology cases and considerations. Forensic Sci. Internat.
 ;146S:S195-S199.<br>
 . Benecke M. Besiedlung von Leichen durch Gliedertiere (Arthropod colonization of human corpses). In: Brinkmann B, Madea B, Handbuch
 gerichtliche Medizin, Chapter 2. 2003, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York, Springer, p. 170-187.<br>
 . Benecke M. A brief survey of the history of forensic entomology. Acta Biologica Benrodis 2008;14:15-38.<br>
 . Benecke M. Cases of neglect involving entomological evidence. In: Byrd J, Castner J (eds.) Forensic Entomology, 2nd ed., Chapter 20, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2010, p. 627-635.<br>
 . Bermúdez S, Pachar J. Artrópodos asociados a cadáveres humanos en Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá. Revista Colombiana de Entomología,
 ;36:86-89.<br>
 . Bonacci T, Vercillo V. Outdoor post-mortem bite injuries by Tapinoma nigerrimum (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on a human corpse: Case
 report. J. Forensic Legal Med. 2015;33:5e8.<br>
 . Campobasso C, Marchetti D, Introna F, Colonna M. Postmortem artifacts made by ants and the effect of ant activity on decompositional
 rates. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 2009;30: 84–87.<br>
 . Doward J. Child neglect cases reported to NSPCC rise 30% in a year. June 10, 2012, The Guardian (England), https://www.theguardian.
 com/society/2012/jun/10/nspcc-child-abuse-rises-sharply<br>
 . DPA (German Press Agency). Studie an 17000 Leichen: Jeder Siebte vor Tod falsch gepflegt (Study on 17.000 corpses: Every seventh elderly person not cared for sufficiently). Jan 3/Jan 5, 2003, German Press Agency dpa, Report # 051402.<br>
 . El-Kady E, Kheirallah A, Kayed A, Dekinesh S, Ahmed Z. The development and growth of the house fly Musca domestica vicina and the
 blowfly Lucilia sericata. Pakistan J. of Biol. Sciences 1999;2:498-502.<br>
 . Fleischmann W, Grassberger M, Sherman R. Maggot Therapy. A Handbook of maggot-assisted wound healing. 2003, Stuttgart, Thieme.<br>
 . Goff M, Win B. Estimation of postmortem interval based on colony development time for Anoplolepis longipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
 Journal of Forensic Sciences 1997;42:1176–1179.<br>
 . Grassberger M, Reiter C. Effect of temperature on Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development with special reference to the
 isomegalen- and isomorphen-diagram. Forensic Science International 2001;120:32-36.<br>
 . Greco S, Brandmayr P, Bonacci T. Synanthropy and temporal variability of Calliphoridae living in Cosenza (Calabria, Southern Italy). J.Insect Sci. 2014;14(216):1-5; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu078.<br>
 . Gregor F, Rozkošný R, Barták M, Vaňhara J (2002) The Muscidae (Diptera) of central Europe. Folia Fac. Sci. Nat. Univ. Masaryk. Brun.
 Biol. 2002;107:1–280.<br>
 . Lord W. Case histories of the use of insects in investigations. In: Catts P, Haskell N (eds.) 1990, Entomology & Death. A Procedural Guide, Joyce's Print Shop, Clemson, pp. 9-37.<br>
 . Moura M, Carvalho C, Monteiro-Filho E. A preliminary analysis of insects of medico-legal importance in Curitiba, State of Paraná. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1997;92: 269–274.<br>
 . Ramón G, Donoso D. The role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Forensic Entomology. Revista Ecuatoriana de Medicina y Ciencias
 Biológicas (REMCB) 2015;36:19-26.<br>
 . Salona-Bordas M, Salona-Bordas J, Tinaut A. Ants as Carcasses Consumers a Case Study Undertaken Inside a Greenhouse (Lanzarote,
 Canary Islands, Spain). Austin J Forensic Sci Criminol. 2014;1(2):3.<br>
 . Sheridan J. Opioid addiction and the rise in child neglect cases. Jan 30, 2017, wfyi Indianapolis, http://www.wfyi.org/news/articles/opioidaddiction-and-the-rise-in-child-neglect-cases.<br>
 . Sherman R, Hall M. Medicinal maggots: an ancient remedy for some contemporary afflictions. Annu. Rev. Entomol 2000;45:55-81.<br>
 . Smith K. A Manual of Forensic Entomology. 1986, The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London & Cornell University
 Press, Ithaca.<br>
 . Ventura F, Gallo M, De Stefano F. Postmortem skin damage due to ants: description of 3 cases. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 2010;31:120-121.<br>
 . Zumpt F. Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World: A Textbook for Physicians, Veterinarians and Zoologists. Butterworth, London,
 England, 1965.<br><br>
+==<font color=orange>More from Mark Benecke</font>==
-===<font color=orange>Suggested Readings</font>===
+<i><br>
-<i>
 * [[2006 Forensic biology in the courtroom|Forensic biology in the courtroom]]<br>
@@ Line 199: / Line 242: @@
 * [[Benecke Six Forensic Entomology Cases|Six Forensic Entomology Cases]]<br>
+* [[2018-09-25 Entomofauna on buried carrions in Calabria, Southern Italy (Speech)|Entomofauna on buried carrions in Calabria, Southern Italy]] (Speech)
 * [[2017 06 AAFE Treviso|A Forensic Entomological case of neglect of an elderly man in Calabria, Southern Italy]]<br>
-* [[2008 The Open Forensic Science Journal: Detection of Semen (Human and Boar) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very High Powered UV-/VIS-Light Source|Detection of Semen (Human and Boar) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very High Powered UV-/VIS-Light Source]]<br><br>
+* [[2008 The Open Forensic Science Journal: Detection of Semen (Human and Boar) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very High Powered UV-/VIS-Light Source|Detection of Semen (Human and Boar) and Saliva on Fabrics by a Very High Powered UV-/VIS-Light Source]]<br>
+</i>
-</i>
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